Linguistic and extralinguistic aspects of translation

The components of translation activity modeled in translation theory include, in addition to language, texts, culture, and situations. Consequently, translation is influenced not only by linguistic – or linguistic-components, but also by extralinguistic ones, which do not represent a "superlanguage residue", as A. I. Smirnitsky believed, but are integral parts of the act of bilingual communication, without which speech is unthinkable.

In order to identify and describe the linguistic and extralinguistic factors of translation, their interrelationships and interdependence, we will analyze the translation process as a specific type of speech activity, identify its key features, and consider the probability of difficulties in understanding that arise during translation due to both linguistic and extralinguistic reasons.

Despite the unity of the laws of logic and knowledge of the world, different peoples have a specific "vision" of the world, reflect the reality around them in different ways in the language, and that the reality itself may not completely coincide for different peoples. The national identity of not only the formal, but also the semantic structures of different languages explains a certain motive and purpose, from the complex interaction of which the meaning of a text or statement is born in the understanding of its author. The speaker (or writer) informs the interlocutor (or reader) of some information, expresses his emotions or seeks to evoke some emotions in the recipient of information, sometimes tries to encourage him to some action, including speech, ask him about something, etc. Whatever the specific purpose of the author of the text, he always seeks to influence the interpreter of the text in one way or another, regulating behavior in the broadest sense of the word (consciousness, motives, actions, etc.).

The specificity of the activity of the text interpreter is that it makes its way from the text to the meaning, analyzes the resulting text in order to extract meaning from it. At the same time, in the speech activity of the interpreter, in his understanding of the meaning of the text, subjective factors of an extralinguistic nature also play an important role: background knowledge about the subject of speech and encyclopedic knowledge, preferences, "scale of values".

An accurate description of the psychological and physiological processes of the analysis and synthesis of utterances, and perhaps other processes occurring in the human brain, is a very difficult task, since the work of the brain is not directly observable. There are many hypotheses on this issue. However, one thing is clear: translation is a complex thought process that cannot be considered in isolation from the entire process of bilingual communication, starting from the moment the author generates the original statement in the source language and ending with the moment the recipient understands the translation

statements in the target language. Translation cannot be considered only as operations of analysis, transcoding and synthesis performed by the translator outside of the speech activity of the original author and the recipient of the translation. This approach does not allow us to solve such fundamental problems as adequacy and invariance in translation, since the solution of these issues requires the correlation of the results of translation activity with the purpose of the original author's statement and the understanding of this purpose by the addressee of the translation. In other words, the results of the translator's activity can be evaluated only in the relationship and interdependence with the speech activity of the other two participants in the act of communication. The problem of translation cannot be reduced to the mechanical replacement of text in one language with text in another language, i.e. to primitive re-encoding at the level of the meaning of language units. In this case, one could assume that the theory of translation is not a science at all, and that it is sufficient to know two languages, "codes" and the rules of language transcoding, i.e., the language of translation. rules for switching from one code to another, in order to make a translation. However, this is not the case, since the rules of transcoding in translation assume not only the consideration of language values, but also their interaction with extralinguistic factors. The translator not only translates the text of the source language into the target language, but also the value system of one culture into the value system of another culture. For a translator as a mediator of cultures, it is important not only to regulate their own behavior, but also to be able to predict the behavior of communication partners.

Just observing the results of translation, no matter how valuable these observations may be, is not enough to solve a number of issues related to the translation process as a special type of human activity. The translation process is an objective reality, so it can be explored. The fact that in any human activity, subjective and objective factors are in close interaction, is not an obstacle to the study of the objective laws of this activity. However, the science of translation should not be confused with the science of translating. The science of translation, or what is commonly called the art of translation – is the ability to find the right solutions in translation. In some cases, they may be typical, in others – non-trivial, but they should always be adequate. Such a skill depends to a large extent on subjective factors, on the translator's abilities. But if translation as a process has its own general laws, then these laws can be studied in a scientific way, i.e., the science of translation.

Жанатаев Данат Жанатайұлы Әл-Фараби атындағы Қазақ ұлттық университетінің профессоры, Болат Адия Ержанқызы Әл-Фараби атындағы Қазақ ұлттық университетінің магистранты